REE used in Metallurgical alloys

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Rare Earth used in Metallurgical alloys REE have major applications in metallurgical alloys. In 2010 this use accounted for 18 per cent of global consumption by volume. One of the oldest uses of REE as an alloy is in mischmetal, a pyrophoric alloy containing only REE metals. The individual REE are present in the same proportions as they naturally occur in the bastnasite concentrates. Typical composition is about 50 per cent cerium and 25 per cent lanthanum with small amounts of neodymium and praseodymium. The most common use of this alloy is in the flint ignition device of many lighters and torches, although for this purpose it is blended with iron oxide and magnesium oxide since the REE alloy alone is too soft. Mischmetal and cerium are commonly used as minor alloying additives for controlling inclusions in cast irons and steels. The cerium combines with the sulphide inclusions to form more rounded particles which are less likely to promote cracking. Superalloys are a class of heat resistant alloys used in applications involving intense, high-temperature oxidizing environments such as in gas turbine engines and electric generators. Adding REE enhances the alloy's oxidation resistance. In M-chromium-yttrium alloys (where M is iron, nickel or cobalt), yttrium is the active component but lanthanum and cerium are also used in certain nickel and cobalt superalloy compositions. Less than one per cent of REE metal in a superalloy can dramatically improve its performance. The use of REE as a method of storing hydrogen was identified in 1969 when it was discovered that the intermetallics REM5 (where RE is the rare earth and M is iron, cobalt or nickel) could absorb a large amount of hydrogen at room temperature. Solid state storage of hydrogen is better than storage as cryogenic and compressed gas in terms of safety, volume, weight, pressure and energy savings. REE are used in nickel metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable batteries that power many electronic products. A mixed rare earth metal alloy is used as the anode in the NiMH battery, representing about 26 per cent of the battery's weight. Lanthanum is the main REE used in the NiMH battery. These batteries in addition to many other REE bearing components are particularly important for hybrid cars such as the Toyota Prius (Figure 1). It has been calculated that each Toyota Prius battery uses 10 to 15 kilograms of lanthanum.

REE used in magnet

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Rare Earth Elements Used in Magnet An Increasingly important use of REE is in permanent magnets. This application was first developed in the 1960s when samarium alloyed with cobalt was used. By the mid-1980s neodymium-lron- boron magnets had been developed and have now largely replaced samarium-cobalt magnets, except in high temperature applications, Neodymlum-lron-boron magnets possess a magnetic energy of up to 2.5 times greater than the samarium-cobalt versions. In addition the principal constituent is iron (84.4 per cent) which is significantly cheaper and more abundant than cobalt. Permanent magnets account for approximately 38 per cent of the REE market by value and 21 per cent by volume. Because neodymium magnets are more powerful than alternatives, they provide improved performance for a smaller size which has led to many miniaturized applications. Tiny neodymium magnets are used in the speakers in earphones for consumer devices such as MP3 players, as well as in numerous other high performance speakers. This results in smaller, lighter devices with improved performance. Permanent magnets are also used in hard disk and DVD drives. The voice coil motor which controls the arm that reads and writes information onto the disk uses a neodymium-based magnet which gives improved control allowing thinner tracks and more data storage. Neodymium-iron-boron magnets are important in many 'green', carbon reducing technologies. It is estimated that wind turbines use in the range of 0.6-1.0 tone of neodymium magnets per megawatt, Of which approximately 30 per cent is REE. In wind turbines electricity is generated in an alternator when magnets pass wire coils. One factor which determines the amount of electricity generated is the strength of the magnets used. The stronger the magnets, the higher the current generated, so strong neodymium magnets make considerably better alternators. Neodymium magnets are essential for hybrid cars such as the Toyota Prius. Hybrid cars reduce fossil fuel consumption by combining a petrol engine, battery-powered electric motors and brakes that capture energy during breaking. It has been suggested that the Prius is the largest consumer of REE of any individual product with each electric motor in a Prius requiring one kilogram of neodymium. The use of REE magnets has the potential to increase the energy efficiency of many appliances. For example use of REE magnets in air conditioning systems can reduce power consumption by up to 50 per cent whilst retaining the same level of performance. Dysprosium and terbium are also used in magnets. Many magnets tend to lose their magnetism as they heat up, but the addition of dysprosium or terbium prevents this from happening at high temperatures.

Rare Earth used in Catalysts

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Rare Earth used in Catalysts Catalysts accounts for a significant share of the REE market by volume (19 per cent), but only five per cent of the total market value. REE are essential in automotive catalytic converters, which transform the primary pollutants in engine exhaust gases into non-toxic compounds. Cerium carbonate and cerium oxide are used in the catalyst substrate and as a component of the converter's oxidizing catalyst system. The REE play a critical role in the chemical reactions within the auto catalyst and also enable it to run at high temperatures. They also increase the effectiveness and reduce the amount of platinum and other precious metals required, thereby decreasing costs. REE are also important in fluid cracking catalysts which are used in the process of refining crude oil, transforming the heavy molecules into lighter compounds that make up petrol and other fuels such as gas, jet fuel and diesel. Lanthanum and cerium are used to stabilize the structure and chemistry of the high surface area zeolites used as a molecular filter in this application.

Rare Earth Specification And User

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Rare Earth Specification And Uses? Rare Earth Elements (REE) have been traded in a wide variety of forms since they were first exploited. Over the last 40 years the form of Chinese REE exports has changed considerably. In the 1970s exports were largely mineral concentrates, changing in the 1980s to predominantly mixed REE chemicals such as carbonates and chlorides. By the early 1990s separated REE oxides and metals were in greater demand, but by the end of the decade trade was dominated by REE magnets, phosphors and polishing powders. In the 2000s there is considerable trade in components and products containing REE such as magnets, computer hard drives, electric motors and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Specifications for REE mineral concentrates, compounds and petals vary depending on their end-use. Advances in processing techniques have removed the markets for lower specification products, for example a 90 per cent cerium oxide product used in the glass industry has been replaced by higher-grade cerium products with little or no price penalty.

Application of rare earths

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Application of rare earths REE are used in widest range of consumer products of any group of elements. REE are indispensable in electronic, optical, magnetic and catalytic applications. In these applications REE play a vital role in environmental protection, improving energy efficiency and enabling digital technology, making them critical in a rapidly growing and developing world. Rare earths of a lanthanum subset, or lanthanides, are applied in production of permanent magnets, in iron and steel industry and non-ferrous metallurgy, in nuclear, electronic, chemical and other industries. Most widely spread are such rare earths, as: mischmetal (rare earths alloys with cerium and lanthanum as basic elements), used in metallurgy as a alloying element; and also neodymium, samarium, dysprosium, terbium that are used as alloy production components (neodymium-iron-boron, samarium-cobalt) to obtain  high-energy permanent magnets.

Japanese fine dining 800 yuan a glass of water

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Japanese fine dining 800 yuan a glass of water 800 yen (HK $ 62) can eat a bowl of ramen in Japan, but the same price in Tokyo Daikanyama senior Italian restaurant TATSUYA KAWAGOE, only enough to drink a glass of water (Figure). Japanese online forums widely spread, a couple to celebrity chef Tatsuya Kawagoe opened restaurant meal, he took the name when ordering bottled water for drinking, but the checkout still overcharged 800 yen "water", so that they shouted expensive. Tatsuya Kawagoe retorted, referring to 800 yen of "water" value for money, many haute cuisine restaurants in a glass of water as high as 1,500 yen (HK $ 116). He called annual salary of only 3 million to 4 million yen (233,000 to 311,000 million) of wage earners, it is best not to patronize fine dining restaurants. Japan has many fine restaurants are on the water charges, which in addition to the value of water, also includes service charges and environmental factors. Event attracted netizens discussion has been reported that in the general restaurant drink are free, exclusive restaurant did not state the next closing "water", occasionally fine restaurant once before going to the general public puzzled.

iPhone4 electrocuted stewardes Suspected cottage charger trouble

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iPhone4 electrocuted stewardes Suspected cottage charger trouble China Southern Airlines flight attendants Maai Lun (22 years old) suspected use of the iPhone Charging the phone was electrocuted event, CCTV broadcast images show yesterday, the horse is used iPhone4, rather than have a metal casing iPhone5, phone scorch marks on both sides. China mobile phone charger suspect is not genuine Apple charger. Jerry-induced leakage current CCTV quoted police said at the scene found a being charged iPhone4, mobile phone data cable, charger and extension units are intact, the phone starts up normally, but the phone scorch marks on both sides obviously. Clip also shows her using white charger, should be produced in the mainland. However, CCTV argument with the deceased brother Ma Yuelun days prior to "apple", told reporters that his sister is charged in the death of saying different things iPhone5 electricity, which, said police would investigate, and experts called the horse on the charger may cut corners , the capacitor is the breakdown, so the AC into the phone, causing electric shock.